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The United States has 117 protected areas known as national monuments. The President of the United States can establish a national monument by presidential proclamation, and the United States Congress can by legislation. The Antiquities Act of 1906 authorized the president to proclaim "historic landmarks, historic and prehistoric structures, and other objects of historic or scientific interest" as national monuments.〔 , and . ''U.S. Code collection''. Cornell University Law School. Retrieved on 11 February 2009.〕 Concerns about protecting mostly prehistoric Indian ruins and artifacts—collectively termed antiquities—on western federal lands prompted the legislation. Its purpose was to allow the president to quickly preserve public land without waiting for legislation to pass through an unconcerned Congress. The ultimate goal was to protect all historic and prehistoric sites on U.S. federal lands. President Theodore Roosevelt established the first national monument, Devils Tower in Wyoming, on September 24, 1906.〔 He established eighteen national monuments, although only nine still retain that designation. Sixteen presidents have created national monuments since the program began; only Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, and George H. W. Bush did not. Bill Clinton created the most monuments, nineteen, and expanded three others. Jimmy Carter protected vast parts of Alaska, proclaiming fifteen national monuments, some of which later were promoted to national parks. President Barack Obama has created or expanded 19 national monuments, the most of any president, with over 2 million acres of public land protected. Thirty states have national monuments, as do the District of Columbia, the Virgin Islands, American Samoa, the Minor Outlying Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands. Arizona, with eighteen, has the largest number of national monuments, followed by New Mexico with fourteen and California with twelve. At least sixty-one national monuments protect places of natural significance, including twelve geological sites, seven marine sites, and five volcanic sites. Twenty-three national monuments have sites associated with Native Americans. Twenty-nine are other historical sites, including twelve forts. Many national monuments are . Some were changed to national parks or another status by Congress or the President, while others were transferred to state control or disbanded. ==Analysis of management by federal agency and department== Eight federal agencies in five departments manage the 117 current U.S. National Monuments. Of these, 109 Monuments are managed by a single agency, while eight are co-managed by two agencies. Only 80 of the NPS's 81 National Monuments are official units because Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument overlaps with Lake Mead National Recreation Area. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「List of National Monuments of the United States」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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